Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysm in a 60-Day-Old Infant: An Extreme Case.

The prevalence of aneurysms in children is low when compared to adults, being even rarer in the first year of life. They can be secondary to infections, traumatic brain injury, autoimmune diseases, or connective tissue diseases. Dissecting etiology is rare. A 60-day-old female infant, previously healthy, presented to the emergency department (ED) with irritability and loss of appetite since the preceding day, a fever of one-hour duration, and vomiting. Laboratory analysis revealed a hemoglobin level of 6.5 g/dL, without elevation of inflammatory markers. In the ED, she experienced two episodes, with a one-hour interval, of clonic movements of the upper eyelid and right upper limb, along with conjugate gaze deviation to the same side, which resolved after intravenous diazepam. Levetiracetam was initiated after the second episode. The anterior fontanelle became progressively tense. Brain computed tomography (CT) showed a voluminous intraparenchymal and subarachnoid hemorrhage with an aneurysm at the bifurcation of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA). Initially, an endovascular approach was tried but was not successful due to technical problems. Consequently, a Vaso-CT scan was performed that confirmed a dissecting aneurysm/pseudoaneurysm (8 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm) of the left MCA, originating from the upper wall of the M1 segment. Next, she underwent microsurgical exclusion of the aneurysm using microclips. Post-surgery brain CT showed acute ischemia in the entire MCA region. Follow-up angiography showed complete exclusion of the aneurysm. She evolved to grade 3 monoparesis of the upper limb at the six-month interval follow-up, which has been gradually improving with physical rehabilitation. The next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel for aneurysms and arterial dissections did not detect any pathogenic variants. Clinical presentation of cerebral aneurysms in infants can be subtle, and a high index of suspicion is required in cases of irritability, altered consciousness, seizures, bulging fontanelle, and motor deficits. Early detection is of utmost importance as it is associated with moderate mortality. Surgical treatment with the use of clips proved to be effective in this case.

Renal Dysplasia and Progressive Renal Failure in a Newborn with Interstitial Chromosome 4 Deletion 4q25-28.3: A New Phenotype?

The deletion of the long arm of chromosome 4 is rare, presenting with a variable phenotype depending on the chromosomic area affected. A term newborn with prenatal diagnosis of anhydramnios, dysplastic cystic kidneys, and cardiomegaly was born with generalized subcutaneous edema, several dysmorphic features, and progressive renal failure requiring dialysis. The infant continued to deteriorate and died at 52 days of age. Autopsy confirmed bilateral renal dysplasia with cysts. Array-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) identified a large deletion on 4q25-q28.3, which is not yet described in association with renal disease. The clinical progression could be expected due to the severity of the perinatal clinical presentation.

Recém-nascido com deficiência de glicerol quinase: um caso clínico / Neonate with glycerol kinase deficiency: A clinical case

OBJETIVOS: Relatar o caso de um recém-nascido com deficiência de glicerol quinase, no qual foi identificada uma mutação isolada ainda não descrita no gene GK. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Um recém-nascido com 10 dias de vida foi trazido ao serviço de urgência por recusa alimentar com 24 horas de evolução. Ao exame físico apresentava perda de 31% do peso de nascimento e sinais de desidratação. Os exames laboratoriais constataram presença de acidose metabólica com anion gap aumentado, creatinina 2,41mg/dL, ureia 306 mg/dL, hipernatremia (182mEq/L), hipercalemia (6,8mEq/L), hipercloremia (151mEq/L), transaminase glutâmico-oxalacética 879U/L, transaminase glutâmico-pirúvica 243U/L, triglicerídeos 725mg/dL. A cromotagrafia de ácidos orgânicos revelou hiperglicerolemia e glicerolúria compatíveis com deficiência de glicerol quinase. O estudo genético revelou uma mutação ainda não descrita: c.187T>C (p.S63P) em hemizigotia no gene GK. CONCLUSÕES: A causa mais frequente de desidratação hipernatrêmica no período neonatal é a hipogalatia materna. Nos casos mais graves de desidratação outras etiologias devem ser consideradas, incluindo causas metabólicas como a deficiência de glicerol quinase. Neste caso foi encontrada uma mutação no gene GK ainda não descrita.

AIMS: To report the case of a newborn with glycerol kinase deficiency, in which an isolated mutation not yet described in the GK gene was identified. CASE DESCRIPTION: A neonate with 10 days of age was brought to the emergency department for refusal to feed with 24 hours of evolution. Physical examination showed a loss of 31% of birth weight and signs of dehydration. Laboratory tests revealed a metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap, creatinine 2.41mg/dL, urea 306mg/dL, hypernatremia (182mEq/L), hyperkalemia (6.8mEq/L), hyperchloremia (151mEq/L), glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase 879U/L, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase 243U/L, triglycerides 725mg/dL. Chromotagraphy of organic acids revealed hyperglycerolemia and glyceroluria compatible with glycerol kinase deficiency. The genetic study revealed a mutation not yet described: c.187T>C (p.S63P) as hemizygote status in the GK gene. CONCLUSIONS: The most frequent cause of hypernatremic dehydration in the neonatal period is maternal hypogalactia. In more severe cases of dehydration, other etiologies should be considered, including metabolic causes such as glycerol kinase deficiency. In this case a mutation not yet described in the GK gene was found.